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Determinants

Class 12th Mathematics Part I CBSE Solution
Exercise 4.1
  1. | cc 2&4 -5&-1 | Evaluate the determinants:
  2. | cc costheta &-sintegrate heta sintegrate heta | Evaluate the determinants:…
  3. | cc x^2 - x+1 x+1+1 | Evaluate the determinants:
  4. If a = [ll 1&2 4&2] then show that |2A| = 4|A|.
  5. If a = [lll 1&0&1 0&1&2 0&0&4] then show that |3A| = 27|A|
  6. Evaluate the determinants | ccc 3&-1&-2 0&1&-1 3&-5&0 |
  7. | ccc 3&-4&5 1&1&-2 2&3&1 | Evaluate the determinants
  8. | ccc 0&1&2 -1&0&-3 -2&3&0 | Evaluate the determinants
  9. | ccc 2&-1&-2 0&2&-1 3&-5&0 | Evaluate the determinants
  10. If A = [lll 1&1&-2 2&1&-3 5&4&-9] , find |A|.
  11. Find values of x, if | ll 2&4 5&1 | = | cc 2x&4 6 | | ll 2&4 5&1 | = | cc 2x&4…
  12. | ll 2&3 4&5 | = | ll x&3 2x&5 | Evaluate the determinants
  13. If , then x is equal toA. 6 B. 6 C. 6 D. 0
Exercise 4.2
  1. | lll x+a y+b x+c | = 0 Using the property of determinants and without expanding…
  2. | lll a-b b-c c-a | = 0 Using the property of determinants and without expanding…
  3. | lll 2&7&65 3&8&75 5&9&86 | = 0 Using the property of determinants and without…
  4. Using the property of determinants and without expanding in prove that:…
  5. | ccc b+c+r+z c+a+p+x a+b+q+y | = 2 | ccc a b c | Using the property of…
  6. | ccc 0&-b -a&0&-c b&0 | = 0 Using the property of determinants and without…
  7. | ccc - a^2 ba& - b^2 ca& - c^2 | = 4a^2b^2c^2 Using the property of…
  8. | lll 1& a^2 1& b^2 1& c^2 | = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) By using properties of…
  9. | lll 1&1&1 a a^3 & b^3 & c^3 | = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) (a+b+c) By using properties…
  10. | lll x& x^2 y& y^2 z& z^2 | = (x-y) (y-z) (z-x) (xy+yz+zx) By using properties…
  11. | ccc x+4&2x&2x 2x+4&2x 2x&2x+4 | = (5x+4) (4-x)^2 By using properties of…
  12. | ccc y+k y+k y+k | = k^2 (3y+k) By using properties of determinants, show…
  13. | ccc a-b-c&2a&2a 2b&2b 2c&2c | = (a+b+c)^3 By using properties of…
  14. | ccc x+y+2z z+z+2x z+x+2y | = 2 (x+y+z)^3 By using properties of…
  15. | ccc 1& x^2 x^2 &1 x& x^2 &1 | = (1-x^3)^2 By using properties of…
  16. | ccc 1+a^2 - b^2 &2ab&-2b 2ab& 1-a^2 + b^2 &2a 2b&-2a& 1-a^2 - b^2 | = (1+a^2…
  17. | ccc a^2 + 1 ab& b^2 + 1 ca& c^2 + 1 | = 1+a^2 + b^2 + c^2 By using properties…
  18. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then | kA| is equal toA. k|A| B. k^2…
  19. Which of the following is correctA. Determinant is a square matrix. B.…
Exercise 4.3
  1. Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the…
  2. (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8) Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point…
  3. (-2, -3), (3, 2), (-1, -8) Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point…
  4. Show that points A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear.…
  5. (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and…
  6. (-2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k) Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and…
  7. Find equation of line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6) using determinants.…
  8. Find equation of line joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using determinants.…
  9. If area of triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2, -6), (5, 4) and (k, 4).…
Exercise 4.4
  1. | cc 2&-4 0&3 | Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following…
  2. | ll a b | Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following…
  3. | lll 1&0&0 0&1&0 0&0&1 | Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of…
  4. | ccc 1&0&4 3&5&-1 0&1&2 | Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of…
  5. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate delta = | lll 5&3&8 2&0&1…
  6. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate delta = | lll 1 1 1 | .…
  7. If delta = | lll a_11_12_13 a_21_22_23 a_31_32_33 | and Aij is Cofactors of aij,…
Exercise 4.5
  1. Find adjoint of each of the matrices. [ll 1&2 3&4]
  2. Find adjoint of each of the matrices. [ccc 1&-1&2 2&3&5 -2&0&1]
  3. [cc 2&3 -4&-6] Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A|
  4. [ccc 1&-1&2 3&0&-2 1&0&3] Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A|
  5. [cc 2&-2 4&3] Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)…
  6. [ll -1&5 -3&2] Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)…
  7. [lll 1&2&3 0&2&4 0&0&5] Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)…
  8. [ccc 1&0&0 3&3&0 5&2&-1] Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)…
  9. [ccc 2&1&3 4&-1&0 -7&2&1] Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it…
  10. [ccc 1&-1&2 0&2&-3 3&-2&4] Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it…
  11. [ccc 1&0&0 0 0 &-cosalpha] Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it…
  12. Let a = [ll 3&7 2&5] b = [ll 6&8 7&9] . Verify that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.…
  13. If a = [cc 3&1 -1&2] , show that A^2 - 5A + 7I = O. Hence find A-1.…
  14. For the matrix a = [ll 3&1 1&2] , find the numbers a and b such that A^2 + aA +…
  15. For the matrix a = [ccc 1&1&1 1&2&-3 2&-1&3] Show that A^3 - 6A^2 + 5A + 11 I =…
  16. If a = [ccc 2&-1&1 -1&2&-1 1&-1&2] Verify that A^3 - 6A^2 + 9A - 4I = O and…
  17. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 × 3. Then |adj A| is equal…
  18. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det (A-1) is equal toA. det (A)…
Exercise 4.6
  1. x + 2y = 2 2x + 3y = 3 Examine the consistency of the system of equations.…
  2. 2x - y = 5 x + y = 4 Examine the consistency of the system of equations.…
  3. x + 3y = 5 2x + 6y = 8 Examine the consistency of the system of equations.…
  4. x + y + z = 1 2x + 3y + 2z = 2 ax + ay + 2az = 4 Examine the consistency of the…
  5. 3x-y - 2z = 2 2y - z = -1 3x - 5y = 3 Examine the consistency of the system of…
  6. 5x - y + 4z = 5 2x + 3y + 5z = 2 5x - 2y + 6z = -1 Examine the consistency of…
  7. 5x + 2y = 4 7x + 3y = 5 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.…
  8. 2x - y = -2 3x + 4y = 3 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.…
  9. 4x - 3y = 3 3x - 5y = 7 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.…
  10. 5x + 2y = 3 3x + 2y = 5 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.…
  11. 2x+y+z = 1 x-2y-z = 3/2 3y-5z = 9 Solve system of linear equations, using…
  12. x - y + z = 4 2x + y - 3z = 0 x + y + z = 2 Solve system of linear equations,…
  13. 2x + 3y +3 z = 5 x - 2y + z = -4 3x - y - 2z = 3 Solve system of linear…
  14. x - y + 2z = 7 3x + 4y - 5z = -5 2x - y + 3z = 12 Solve system of linear…
  15. If a = [ccc 2&-3&5 3&2&-4 1&1&-2] , find A-1. Using A-1 solve the system of…
  16. The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is Rs. 60. The cost of 2 kg…
Miscellaneous Exercise
  1. Prove that the determinant | ccc x heta -sintegrate heta &-x&1 costheta &1 | is…
  2. Without expanding the determinant, prove that | ccc a& a^2 b& b^2 c& c^2 | = |…
  3. Evaluate | ccc cosalpha cosbeta sinbeta &-sinalpha -sinbeta &0 sinalpha cosbeta…
  4. If a, b and c are real numbers, and delta = | lll b+c+a+b c+a+b+c a+b+c+a | = 0…
  5. Solve the equation | ccc x+a x+a x+a | = 0 , a not equal 0
  6. Prove that | ccc a^2 & ac+c^2 a^2 + ab & b^2 ab& b^2 + bc & c^2 | = 4a^2b^2c^2…
  7. If a^-1 = [ccc 3&-1&1 -15&6&-5 5&-2&2] b = [ccc 1&2&-2 -1&3&0 0&-2&1] , find…
  8. Let a = [ccc 1&-2&1 -2&3&1 1&1&5] . Verify that [adj A]-1 = adj (A-1)…
  9. Let a = [ccc 1&-2&1 -2&3&1 1&1&5] . Verify that (A-1)-1 = A
  10. Evaluate | ccc x+y y+y x+y |
  11. Evaluate | ccc 1 1+y 1+y |
  12. Prove that | lll alpha & alpha^2 & beta + gamma beta & beta^2 & gamma + alpha…
  13. Prove that | lll x& x^2 & 1+px^3 y& y^2 & 1+py^3 z& z^2 & 1+pz^3 | = (1 = pxyz)…
  14. Prove that | ccc 3a&-a+b&-a+c -b+a&3b&-b+c -c+a&-c+b&3c | = 3 (a+b+c)…
  15. Prove that | ccc 1&1+p&1+p+q 2&3+2p&4+3p+2q 3&6+3p&10+6p+3q | = 1…
  16. Prove that | ccc sinalpha & cos (alpha + delta) sinbeta & cos (beta + delta)…
  17. Solve the system of equations 2/x + 3/y + 10/z = 4 4/x - 6/y + 5/z = 1 6/x +…
  18. If a, b, c, are in A.P, then the determinant | lll x+2+3+2a x+3+4+20 x+4+5+2c |…
  19. If x, y, z are nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix a = [lll x&0&0…
  20. Let a = [ccc 1 heta &1 -sintegrate heta &1 heta -1&-sintegrate heta &1] , where…

Exercise 4.1
Question 1.

Evaluate the determinants:



Answer:

We know that determinant of A is calculated as

Now,



= 2(-1) – 4(-5)


= -2 – (-20)


= -2 + 20


= 18


The determinant of the above matrix is 18.



Question 2.

Evaluate the determinants:



Answer:

We know that determinant of A is calculated as

Now,


= cosθ(cosθ) - (-sinθ)(sinθ)


= cos2θ + sin2θ


= 1 [∵ cos2θ + sin2θ = 1]


The determinant of the above matrix is 1.



Question 3.

Evaluate the determinants:



Answer:

We know that determinant of A is calculated as

Now,


= (x2 – x + 1)(x + 1) - (x - 1)(x + 1)


= (x3 - x2 + x + x2 – x + 1) - (x2 - 1)


= x3 + 1 - x2 + 1


= x3 - x2 + 2


Ans. The determinant of the above matrix is x3 - x2 + 2.



Question 4.

If then show that |2A| = 4|A|.


Answer:

|A| =

We know that determinant of A is calculated as


= 1(2) - 2(4)


= 2 - 8


|A| = -6


LHS: |2A|




= 2(4) - 4(8)


= 8 - 32 = -24


|2A| = -24 …LHS


RHS: 4|A|


4|A|= 4(-6)


= -24


4|A| = -24 …RHS


LHS = RHS


Hence proved.



Question 5.

If then show that |3A| = 27|A|


Answer:


We know that a determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix is calculated as



= 1[1(4) - 2(0)] – 0 + 1[0-0]


= 1[4 - 0] – 0 + 0


= 4


|A|= 4


LHS: |3A|






= 3[3(12) - 0(6)] – 0 + 3[0 – 0]


= 3(36) – 0 + 0


= 108


|3A| = 108 ----LHS


RHS: 27|A|


27|A| = 27(4)


= 108


27|A| = 108 ----RHS


LHS=RHS


Hence proved.



Question 6.

Evaluate the determinants



Answer:

Now,

We know that a determinant of a 3x3 matrix is calculated as




= 3[0 – (-1)(-5)] +1[0 – (-1)(3)] – 2[0 – 0]


= 3(-5) + 1(3) – 0


= -15 + 3


= -12


The determinant of the above matrix is -12



Question 7.

Evaluate the determinants



Answer:

Now,

We know that a determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix is calculated as



= 3[1 – (-2)(3)] + 4[1 – (-2)(2)] + 5[3-2]


= 3[1 + 6] + 4[1 + 4] + 5[1]


= 3[7] + 4[5] + 5


= 21 + 20 + 5


= 46


The determinant of the above matrix is 46.



Question 8.

Evaluate the determinants



Answer:

Now,

We know that a determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix is calculated as



= 0 – 1[0 – (-3)(-2)] + 2[(-1)(3) – 0]


= 0 – 1[0 - 6] + 2[-3 – 0]


= 0 – 1[-6] + 2[-3]


= 0 + 6 – 6


= 0


The determinant of the above matrix is 0.



Question 9.

Evaluate the determinants



Answer:

Now,

We know that a determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix is calculated as



= 2[0 – (-1)(-5)] + 1[0 – (-1)(3)] – 2[0 – 3(2)]


= 2[0 – 5] + 1[0 + 3] – 2[-6]


= 2[-5] + 1[3] -2[-6]


= -10 + 3 + 12


= 5


The determinant of the above matrix is 5.



Question 10.

If A = , find |A|.


Answer:

GIVEN:

Now,


We know that a determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix is calculated as


.


= 1[-9 – (-3)(4)] – 1[2(-9) – (-3)(5)] – 2[2(4) – 1(5)]


= 1[-9 + 12] – 1[-18 + 15] – 2[8 – 5]


= 1[3] – 1[-3] – 2[3]


= 3 + 3 – 6


= 0


Ans. |A| = 0



Question 11.

Find values of x, if





Answer:

We have

We know that determinant of A is calculated as


⇒ 2(1) – 4(5) = 2x(x) – 4(6)


⇒ 2 – 20 = 2x2 - 24


⇒ -18 = 2x2 – 24


⇒ 2x2 = -24 + 18


⇒ 2x2 = 6


⇒ x2 = 6/2


⇒ x2 = 3


x = �√3


Ans. The value of x is �√3



Question 12.

Evaluate the determinants



Answer:

We know that determinant of A is calculated as

We have


⇒ 2(5) – 3(4) = x(5) – 3(2x)


⇒ 10 – 12 = 5x – 6x


⇒ -2 = -x


⇒ x = 2


Ans. The value of x is 2.



Question 13.

If , then x is equal to
A. 6
B. ±6

C. –6

D. 0


Answer:

We have

We know that determinant of A is calculated as


⇒ x(x) – 2(18) = 6(6) – 2(18)


⇒ x2 - 36 = 36 – 36


⇒ x2 =36 – 36 + 36


⇒ x2 = 36


⇒ x = ±6



Exercise 4.2
Question 1.

Using the property of determinants and without expanding in prove that:



Answer:


Applying Operations C1→ C1 + C2 (i.e. Replacing 1st column by addition of 1st and 2nd column)



C1→ C1 - C3 (i.e. Replacing 1st column by subtraction of 1st and 3rd column)



If any one of the rows or columns of a determinant is 0 then the value of that determinant is 0.


∴ LHS = 0 = RHS




Question 2.

Using the property of determinants and without expanding in prove that:




Answer:

Applying Operation C1→ C1 + C2 (i.e. Replacing 1st column by addition of 1st and 2nd column)


C1→ C1 + C3 (i.e. Replacing 1st column by addition of 1st and 3rd column)



If any one of the rows or columns of a determinant is 0 then the value of that determinant is 0.


∴ LHS = 0 = RHS




Question 3.

Using the property of determinants and without expanding in prove that:




Answer:


Applying Operation C1→ C1 + 9C2 (i.e. Replacing 1st column by addition of 1st column and 9 times second column)




C1→ C1 - C3 (i.e. Replacing 1st column by subtraction of 1st and 3rd column)



If any one of the rows or columns of a determinant is 0 then the value of that determinant is 0.


∴ LHS = 0 = RHS




Question 4.

Using the property of determinants and without expanding in prove that:




Answer:


C3→ C2 + C3 (i.e. replace 3rd column by addition of 2nd and 3rd column)



Taking ab + bc + ac outside determinant



C1→ C1 - C3 (i.e. replace 1st column by subtraction of 1st and 3rd column)



If any one of the rows or columns of a determinant is 0 then the value of that determinant is 0.


∴ LHS = 0 = RHS




Question 5.

Using the property of determinants and without expanding in prove that:


Answer:

When two determinants are added each of the corresponding elements gets added.

Here we can split the LHS determinant as



For the determinant, u perform the following transformation R1↔ R3 (i.e. interchange 1st row with 3rd row)


When two particular rows/columns of a determinant are interchanged the value becomes negative 1 times the original value.



R1↔ R2 (i.e. interchange 1st row with 2nd row)




R1 ↔ R3 (i.e. interchange 1st row with 3rd row)



R1 ↔ R2 (i.e. interchange 1st row with 2nd row)



∴ LHS = RHS



Question 6.

Using the property of determinants and without expanding in prove that:


Answer:

To Prove:



R1→ cR1 (i.e. replace 1st row by multiplying it with c)

As we are multiplying we should also divide c so that the original given determinant is not changed



R1→ R1 - bR2 (i.e. replace 1st row by subtraction of 1st row and b times 2nd row)



Taking a outside the determinant from 1st row



If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical then the value of that determinant is 0 because we get a row or column with all elements 0 when we when we subtract those particular rows/columns here the transformation is R1 → R1 - R3


∴LHS = 0 = RHS



Question 7.

Using the property of determinants and without expanding in prove that:




Answer:

Taking ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ outside the determinant from 1st,2nd and 3rd column respectively


Taking ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ outside the determinant from 1st,2nd and 3rd row respectively


.


R1 → R1 + R2 (i.e. Replacing 1st row by addition of 1st and 2nd row)



panding the determinant along 1st row



∴ LHS = a2 b2 c2 × 2(1 - (-1)) = 4a2b2c2 = RHS




Question 8.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

R1 → R1 - R2 (i.e. Replacing 1st row by subtraction of 1st and 2nd row)

R2 → R2 - R3 (i.e. Replacing 2nd row by subtraction of 2nd and 3rd row)



Since we know a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a - b)


Therefore taking (a - b) and (b - c) outside the determinant from 1st and 2nd row respectively



R1 → R1 - R2 (i.e. Replacing 1st row by subtraction of 1st and 2nd row)



Expanding the determinant along 1st column



∴LHS = (a - b)(b - c)(0 - (a - c))


∴LHS = (a - b)(b - c)(c - a) = RHS




Question 9.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

C1 → C1 - C2 (i.e. Replacing 1st column by subtraction of 1st and 2nd column)

C2 → C2 - C3 (i.e. Replacing 2nd column by subtraction of 2nd and 3rd column)



We have a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2) and b3 - c3 = (b - c)(b2 + bc + c2)


Therefore taking (a - b) and (b - c) outside the determinant from 1st and 2nd column respectively



C1 → C1 - C2 (i.e. Replacing 1st column by subtraction of 1st and 2nd column)



As a2 - c2) = (a + c)(a - c) therefore taking (a - c) outside the determinant from 1st column we get


.


Expanding the determinant along 1st row


∴ LHS = (a - b)(b - c)(a - c)( - (a + b + c))


Adjusting the minus sign with (a - c)


∴LHS = (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(a + b + c) = RHS




Question 10.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

R1 → R1 - R2 (i.e. Replacing 1st row by subtraction of 1st and 2nd row)

R2 → R2 - R3 (i.e. Replacing 2nd row by subtraction of 2nd and 3rd row)



We know x2 - y2 = (x + y)(x - y) and y2 - z2 = (y + z)(y - z)


Therefore taking (x - y) and (y - z) outside the determinant from 1st and 2nd row respectively



R1 → R1 - R2 (i.e. Replacing 1st row by subtraction of 1st and 2nd row)



Taking (x - z) outside determinant from 1st row



C2 → C2 - C3 (i.e. Replacing 2nd column by subtraction of 2nd and 3rd column)



Expanding the determinant along 1st row



∴ LHS = (x - y)(y - z)(x - z)(z2 - xy - xz - yz - z2)


Cancelling z2 and adjusting the negative sign with (x - z)


∴LHS = (x - y)(y - z)(z - x)(xy + yz + zx) = RHS




Question 11.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 (i.e. replace 1st row by addition of 1st, 2nd and 3rd row)


Taking 5x + 4 outside the determinant from 1st row



C2 → C2 - C1 (i.e. replace 2nd column by subtraction of 2nd and 1st column)


C3 → C3 - C1 (i.e. replace 3rd column by subtraction of 3rd and 1st column)



Expanding the determinant along 1st row



∴ LHS = (5x - 4) (4 - x)2 = RHS




Question 12.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 (i.e. replace 1st row by addition of 1st, 2nd and 3rd row)


Taking 3y + k outside the determinant from 1st row



C2 → C2 - C1 (i.e. replace 2nd column by subtraction of 2nd and 1st column)


C3 → C3 - C1 (i.e. replace 3rd column by subtraction of 3rd and 1st column)



Expanding the determinant along 1st row



∴ LHS = (3y + k) k2 = RHS




Question 13.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 (i.e. replace 1st row by addition of 1st, 2nd and 3rd row)


Taking a + b + c outside the determinant from 1st row



C2 → C2 - C1 (i.e. replace 2nd column by subtraction of 2nd and 1st column)


C3 → C3 - C1 (i.e. replace 3rd column by subtraction of 3rd and 1st column)



Expanding the determinant along 1st row



∴ LHS = (a + b + c)3 = RHS




Question 14.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 (i.e. replace 1st column by addition of 1st, 2nd and 3rd column)


Taking 2(x + y + z) outside the determinant from 1st column



R2 → R2 - R1 (i.e. replace 2nd row by subtraction of 2nd and 1st row)


R3 → R3 - R1 (i.e. replace 3rd row by subtraction of 3rd and 1st row)



Expanding the determinant along 1st column



∴ LHS = 2(x + y + z)3 = RHS




Question 15.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

R1 → R1 - xR2 (i.e. replace 1st row by subtraction of 1st row and ‘x’ times 2nd row)


Taking (1 - x3) outside the determinant from 1st row


.


Expanding the determinant along 1st row



HS = (1 - x3)2 = RHS




Question 16.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

R1 → R1 + bR3 (i.e. replace 1st row by addition of 1st row and b times 3rd row)

R2 → R2 - aR3 (i.e. replace 2nd row by subtraction of 2nd row and a times 3rd row)


.


Taking both (1 + a2 + b2) outside the determinant from 1st and 2nd row



Expanding the determinant along 1st row



∴ LHS = (1 + a2 + b2)2 [1 + a2 - b2 - (-2b2)]


∴ LHS = (1 + a2 + b2 )2 (1 + a2 + b2)


∴ LHS = (1 + a2 + b2 )3 = RHS




Question 17.

By using properties of determinants, show that:



Answer:

Taking out a, b and c from the determinant from 1st, 2nd and 3rd row respectively.


R2 → R2 - R1 (i.e. replace 2nd row by subtraction of 2nd and 1st row)


R3 → R3 - R1 (i.e. replace 3rd row by subtraction of 3rd and 1st row)


.


C1 → aC1 (i.e. replace 1st column by ‘a’ times 1st column)


C2 → bC2 (i.e. replace 2nd column by ‘b’ times 2nd column)


→ cC3 (i.e. replace 3rd column by ‘c’ times 3rd column)


As we are multiplying by a, b and c we should also divide by a, b and c to keep the original determinant value unchanged.


.


C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 (i.e. replace 1st column by addition of 1st, 2nd and 3rd column)



Expanding determinant along 1st column



∴ LHS = (1 + a2 + b2 + c2) = RHS




Question 18.

Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then | kA| is equal to
A. k|A|

B. k2 |A|

C. k3 |A|

D. 3k |A|


Answer:

Let A be any 3×3 matrix





Taking out k from the determinant from 1st, 2nd and 3rd row



∴ |kA| = k3|A|


Therefore, answer is option (C) k3|A|


Question 19.

Which of the following is correct
A. Determinant is a square matrix.

B. Determinant is a number associated to a matrix.

C. Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.

D. None of these


Answer:

Determinant is an operation which we perform on arranged numbers. A square matrix is set of arranged numbers. We perform some operations on a matrix and we get a value that value is called as determinant of that matrix hence determinant is a number associated to square matrix.



Exercise 4.3
Question 1.

Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following:

(1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3)


Answer:

Given vertices of the triangle are (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3)

Let the vertices of the triangle be given by (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)


Area of triangle is given by Δ =


Area of triangle = Δ =


Expanding the determinant along Row 1


Δ = 1/2 × [1 × (0 × 1 – 3 × 1) – 0 × (6 × 1 – 4 × 1) + 1 × (6 × 3 – 4 × 0)]


Δ = 1/2 × [1 × (0 – 3) – 0 + 1 × (18 – 0)]


Δ = 1/2 × (-3 + 18) = 15/2 sq. units


∴ Δ = 15/2 sq. units = 7.5 sq. units



Question 2.

Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following:

(2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)


Answer:

Given vertices of the triangle are (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)

Let the vertices of the triangle be given by (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)


Area of triangle is given by Δ =


Area of triangle = Δ =


Expanding the determinant along Row 1


Δ = 1/2 × [2 × (1 × 1 – 8 × 1) – 7 × (1 × 1 – 10 × 1) + 1 × (8 × 1 – 1 × 10)]


Δ = 1/2 × [2 × (1 – 8) – 7 × (1 – 10) + 1 × (8 – 10)]


Δ = 1/2 × [2 × (-7) – 7 × (-9) + 1 × (-2)] = 1/2 × (-14 + 63 – 2) sq. units


Δ = 1/2 × 47 sq. units = 47/2 sq. units


∴ Δ = 47/2 sq. units = 23.5 sq. units



Question 3.

Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following:

(–2, –3), (3, 2), (–1, –8)


Answer:

Given vertices of the triangle are (–2, –3), (3, 2), (–1, –8)

Let the vertices of the triangle be given by (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)


Area of triangle is given by Δ =


Area of triangle = Δ =


Expanding the determinant along Row 1


Δ = 1/2 × |[(-2) × (2 × 1 – (-8) × 1) – (-3) × (3 × 1 – (-1) × 1) + 1 × (3 × (-8) – 2 × (-1))]|


Δ = 1/2 × |[(-2) × (2 + 8) + 3 × (3 + 1) + 1 × (-24 + 2)]|


Δ = 1/2 × |[(-2) × 10 + 3 × 4 + 1 × (-22)]| = 1/2 ×| (-20 + 12 – 22)| sq. units


Δ = 1/2 × |-30| sq. units = 30/2 sq. units


∴ Δ = 30/2 sq. units = 15 sq. units



Question 4.

Show that points

A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear.


Answer:

Given vertices of the triangle are A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b)

Let the vertices of the triangle be given by (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)


Area of triangle is given by Δ =


For points to be collinear area of triangle = Δ = 0


So, we have to show that area of triangle formed by ABC is 0


Area of triangle = Δ =


Expanding the determinant along Row 1


Δ = 1/2 × [a × {(c + a) × 1 – (a + b) × 1) – (b + c) × {b × 1 – c × 1} + 1 × {b × (a + b) – c × (c +a)}]


Δ = 1/2 × [a × (c + a – a – b) – (b + c) × (b – c) + 1 × (ab + b2 – c2 - ca)]


Δ = 1/2 × [a × (c – b) – (b2 – c2) + 1 × (ab + b2 – c2 – ca)]


Δ = 1/2 × (ac – ab – b2 + c2 + ab + b2 – c2 – ca) sq units


Δ = 1/2 × 0 sq units


∴ Δ = 0


∴ Given vertices of the triangle are A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear



Question 5.

Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are

(k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2)


Answer:

Given vertices of the triangle are (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2)

Let the vertices of the triangle be given by (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)


Area of triangle is given by Δ =


Given, Area of triangle = Δ = 4 sq. units


= 4


⇒ 4 = 1/2 |[k × (0 × 1 – 2 × 1) – 0 × (4 × 1 – 0 × 1) + 1 × (4 × 2 – 0 × 0)]|


⇒ 4 = 1/2 × |[k × (0 – 2) – 0 + 1 × (8 – 0)]|


⇒ � 4 × 2 = -2k + 8


⇒ 8 = -2k + 8 and -8 = -2k + 8


⇒ 8 – 8 = -2k and 8 + 8 = 2k


⇒ 2k = 0 and 16 = 2k


⇒ k = 0 and k = 8



Question 6.

Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are

(–2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k)


Answer:

Given vertices of the triangle are (–2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k)

Let the vertices of the triangle be given by (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)


Area of triangle is given by Δ =


Given, Area of triangle = Δ = 4 sq. units


= 4


⇒ 4 = 1/2 |[(-2) × (4 × 1 – k × 1) – 0 × (0 × 1 – 0 × 1) + 1 × (0 × k – 0 × 4)]|


⇒ 4 = 1/2 × |[(-2) × (4 – k) – 0 + 1 × (0 – 0)]|


⇒ 4 × 2 = |(-8 + 2k)


⇒ � 8= 2k - 8


⇒ 8 = 2k - 8 and ⇒ -8 = 2k - 8


⇒ 8 + 8 = 2k and ⇒ 8 - 8 = 2k


⇒ k = 16/2 and ⇒ k = 0/2


⇒ k = 8 and ⇒ k = 0



Question 7.

Find equation of line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6) using determinants.


Answer:

Equation of line joining points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) is given by = 0

Given points are (1, 2) and (3, 6)


Equation of line is given by = 0


⇒ 1/2 × [1 × (6 × 1 – y × 1) – 2 × (3 × 1 – x × 1) + 1 × (3 × y – x × 6)] = 0


⇒ [(6 – y) – 2 × (3 – x) + (3y – 6x)] = 0 × 2


⇒ (6 – y – 6 + 2x + 3y – 6x) = 0


⇒ 2y – 4x = 0


⇒ y – 2x = 0 ⇒ y = 2x


∴ Required Equation of line is y = 2x



Question 8.

Find equation of line joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using determinants.


Answer:

Equation of line joining points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) is given by = 0

Given points are (3, 1) and (9, 3)


Equation of line is given by = 0


⇒ 1/2 × [3 × (3 × 1 – y × 1) – 1 × (9 × 1 – x × 1) + 1 × (9 × y – x × 3)] = 0


⇒ [3 × (3 – y) – 1 × (9 – x) + (9y – 3x)] = 0 × 2


⇒ (9 – 3y – 9 + x + 9y – 3x) = 0


⇒ 6y – 2x = 0


⇒ 2x – 6y = 0 ⇒ x – 3y = 0


∴ Required Equation of line is x – 3y = 0



Question 9.

If area of triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2, –6), (5, 4) and (k, 4). Then k is
A. 12

B. –2

C. –12, –2

D. 12, –2


Answer:

Given vertices of the triangle are (2, – 6), (5, 4) and (k, 4).

Let the vertices of the triangle be given by (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)


Area of triangle is given by Δ =


Given, Area of triangle = Δ = 35 sq. units


= 35


⇒ � 35 = 1/2 × [2 × (4 × 1 – 4 × 1) – (-6) × (5 × 1 – k × 1) + 1 × (5 × 4 – k × 4)]


⇒ � 35 = 1/2 × [2 × (4 – 4) + 6 × (5 – k) + 1 × (20 – 4k)]


⇒ � 35 × 2 = (2 × 0 + 30 – 6k + 20 – 4k)


⇒ � 70 = 30 – 6k + 20 – 4k


⇒ � 70 = 50 – 10k


⇒ 70 – 50 = -10k and ⇒ -70 – 50 = -10k


⇒ 20 = -10k and ⇒ -120 = -10k


⇒ k = -20/10 and ⇒ k = 120/10


⇒ k = -2 and ⇒ k = 12



Exercise 4.4
Question 1.

Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:



Answer:

Minor: Minor of an element aij of a determinant is the determinant obtained by removing ith row and jth column in which element aij lies. It is denoted by Mij.

Cofactor: Cofactor of an element aij, Aij = (-1)i+j Mij.


Minor of element aij = Mij


a11 = 2, Minor of element a11 = M11 = 3


Here removing 1st row and 1st column from the determinant we are left out with 3 so M11 = 3.


Similarly, finding other Minors of the determinant


a12 = -4, Minor of element a12 = M12 = 0


a21 = 0, Minor of element a21 = M21 = -4


a22 = 3, Minor of element a22 = M22 = 2


Cofactor of an element aij, Aij = (-1)i+j × Mij


A11 = (-1)1+1 × M11 = 1 × 3 = 3


A12 = (-1)1+2 × M12 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A21 = (-1)2+1 × M11 = (-1) × (-4) = 4


A22 = (-1)2+2 × M22 = 1 × 2 = 2



Question 2.

Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:



Answer:


Minor of an element aij = Mij


a11 = a, Minor of element a11 = M11 = d


Here removing 1st row and 1st column from the determinant we are left out with d so M11 = d.


Similarly, finding other Minors of the determinant


a12 = c, Minor of element a12 = M12 = b


a21 = b, Minor of element a21 = M21 = c


a22 = d, Minor of element a22 = M22 = a


Cofactor of an element aij, Aij = (-1)i+j × Mij


A11 = (-1)1+1 × M11 = 1 × d = d


A12 = (-1)1+2 × M12 = (-1) × b = -b


A21 = (-1)2+1 × M11 = (-1) × c = -c


A22 = (-1)2+2 × M22 = 1 × a = a



Question 3.

Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:



Answer:

Minor of an element aij = Mij

a11 = 1, Minor of element a11 = M11 = = (1 × 1) – (0 × 0) = 1


Here removing 1st row and 1st column from the determinant we are left out with the determinant. Solving this we get M11 = 1


Similarly, finding other Minors of the determinant


a12 = 0, Minor of element a12 = M12 = = (0 × 1) – (0 × 0) = 0


a13 = 0, Minor of element a13 = M13 = = (0 × 0) - (1 × 0) = 0


a21 = 0, Minor of element a21 = M21 = = (0 × 1) – (0 × 0) = 0


a22 = 1, Minor of element a22 = M22 = = (1 × 1) – (0 × 0) = 1


a23 = 0, Minor of element a23 = M23 = = (1 × 0) – (0 × 0) = 0


a31 = 0, Minor of element a31 = M31 = = (0 × 0) – (0 × 1) = 0


a32 = 0, Minor of element a32 = M32 = = (1 × 0) – (0 × 0) = 0


a33 = 1, Minor of element a33 = M33 = = (1 × 1) – (0 × 0) = 1


Cofactor of an element aij, Aij = (-1)i+j × Mij


A11 = (-1)1+1 × M11 = 1 × 1 = 1


A12 = (-1)1+2 × M12 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A13 = (-1)1+3 × M13 = 1 × 0 = 0


A21 = (-1)2+1 × M21 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A22 = (-1)2+2 × M22 = 1 × 1 = 1


A23 = (-1)2+3 × M23 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A31 = (-1)3+1 × M31 = 1 × 0 = 0


A32 = (-1)3+2 × M32 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A33 = (-1)3+3 × M33 = 1 × 1 = 1



Question 4.

Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:



Answer:


Minor of an element aij = Mij


a11 = 1, Minor of element a11 = M11 = = (5 × 2) – ((-1) × 1) = 10 + 1 = 11


Here removing 1st row and 1st column from the determinant we are left out with the determinant. Solving this we get M11 = 11


Similarly, finding other Minors of the determinant


a12 = 0, Minor of element a12 = M12 = = (3 × 2) – ((-1) × 0) = (6 - 0) = 6


a13 = 4, Minor of element a13 = M13 = = (3 × 1) – (5 × 0) = 3 - 0 = 3


a21 = 3, Minor of element a21 = M21 = = (0 × 2) – (4 × 1) = 0 – 4 = -4


a22 = 5, Minor of element a22 = M22 = = (1 × 2) – (4 × 0) = 2 – 0 = 2


a23 = -1, Minor of element a23 = M23 = = (1 × 1) – (0 × 0) = 1


a31 = 0, Minor of element a31 = M31 = = (0 × (-1)) – (4 × 5) = 0 – 20 = -20


a32 = 1, Minor of element a32 = M32 = = (1 × (-1)) – (4 × 3) = -1 – 12 = -13


a33 = 2, Minor of element a33 = M33 = = (1 × 5) – (0 × 3) = (5 – 0) = 5


Cofactor of an element aij, Aij = (-1)i+j × Mij


A11 = (-1)1+1 × M11 = 1 × 11 = 11


A12 = (-1)1+2 × M12 = (-1) × 6 = -6


A13 = (-1)1+3 × M13 = 1 × 3 = 3


A21 = (-1)2+1 × M21 = (-1) × (-4) = 4


A22 = (-1)2+2 × M22 = 1 × 2 = 2


A23 = (-1)2+3 × M23 = (-1) × 1 = -1


A31 = (-1)3+1 × M31 = 1 × (-20) = -20


A32 = (-1)3+2 × M32 = (-1) × (-13) = 13


A33 = (-1)3+3 × M33 = 1 × 5 = 5



Question 5.

Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate


Answer:

To evaluate a determinant using cofactors, Let

B =


Expanding along Row 1


B =


B = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13


[Where Aij represents cofactors of aij of determinant B.]


B = Sum of product of elements of R1 with their corresponding cofactors


Similarly, the determinant can be solved by expanding along column


So, B = sum of product of elements of any row or column with their corresponding cofactors



Cofactors of second row


A21 = (-1)2+1 × M21 = (-1) × = (-1) × (3 × 3 – 8 × 2) = (-1) × (-7) = 7


A22 = (-1)2+2 × M22 = 1 × = (5 × 3 – 8 × 1) = 7


A23 = (-1)2+3 × M23 = (-1) × = (-1) × (5 × 2 – 3 × 1) = (-1) × 7 = -7


[Where Aij = (-1)i+j × Mij, Mij = Minor of ith row & jth column]


Therefore,


Δ = a21A21 + a22A22 + a23A23


Δ = 2 × 7 + 1 × (-7) = 14 - 7 = 7


Ans: Δ = 7



Question 6.

Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate.


Answer:

To evaluate a determinant using cofactors, Let

B =


Expanding along Row 1


B =


B = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13


[Where Aij represents cofactors of aij of determinant B.]


B = Sum of product of elements of R1 with their corresponding cofactors


Similarly, the determinant can be solved by expanding along column


So, B = sum of product of elements of any row or column with their corresponding cofactors



Cofactors of third column


A13 = (-1)1+3 × M13 = 1 × = 1 × (1 × z – 1 × y) = (z – y)


A23 = (-1)2+3 × M23 = (-1) × = (-1) × (1 × z – 1 × x) = - (z - x) = (x - z)


A33 = (-1)3+3 × M33 = 1 × = 1 × (1 × y – 1 × x) = (y – x)


[Where Aij = (-1)i+j × Mij, Mij = Minor of ith row & jth column]


Therefore,


Δ = a13A13 + a23A23 + a33A33


Δ = yz (z - y) + zx (x - z) + xy (y - x) = z [y (z - y) + x (x - z)] + xy (y - x)


Δ = z (yz - y2 + x2 - xz) + xy (y - x) = z [(yz - xz) + (x2 - y2)] + xy (y - x)


Δ = z [z × (y - x) + (x + y) × (x - y)] + xy (y - x)


Δ = z × (y - x) × (z – x - y) + xy (y - x)


Δ = (y - x) × (z2 – xz – yz + xy)


Δ = (y - x) × [z (z - x) – y (z - x)] = (y - x) × (z - y) × (z - x)


Δ = (x - y) (y - z) (z - x)


Ans: Δ = (x - y) (y - z) (z - x)



Question 7.

If and Aij is Cofactors of aij, then value of Δ is given by
A. a11 A31+ a12 A32 + a13 A33

B. a11 A11+ a12 A21 + a13 A31

C. a21 A11+ a22 A12 + a23 A13

D. a11 A11+ a21 A21 + a31 A31


Answer:

Δ =

Expanding along Column 1


Δ =


Δ = a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31



Exercise 4.5
Question 1.

Find adjoint of each of the matrices.



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = 4, A12 = -3, A21 = -2, A22 = 1.


∴ Adj A =


=



Question 2.

Find adjoint of each of the matrices.



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = 1{(3×1-0×5)} = 3


Similarly,


A12 = -12, A13 = 6, A21 = 1, A22 = 5, A23 = 2, A31 = -11, A32 = -1, A33 = 5.





Question 3.

Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A|



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = -6, A12 = 4, A21 = -3, A22 = 2.


∴ Adj A =


=


So LHS = A(AdjA) =


Also AdjA(A) =


Determinant of A = |A| = 2(-6)-(3)(-4) = 0


So RHS = |A|I = 0


Hence A(AdjA) = AdjA(A) = |A|I = 0 {hence proved}



Question 4.

Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A|



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = 0, A12 = -11, A13 = 0, A21 = 3, A22 = 1, A23 = -1, A31 = 2, A32 = 8, A33 = 3.


∴ Adj A =


=


So, LHS = A(AdjA) =


Also AdjA(A) =


Determinant of A = |A| = 11


So RHS = |A|I = .


Hence A(AdjA) = AdjA(A) = |A|I = {hence proved}



Question 5.

Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)



Answer:

We know that

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.


Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = 3, A12 = -4, A21 = 2, A22 = 2.


∴ Adj A =


=


And |A| = 2(3)-(-2)(4) = 14


So .



Question 6.

Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)



Answer:

We know that

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.


Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = 2, A12 = 3, A21 = -5, A22 = -1.


∴ Adj A =


=


And |A| = -1(2)-(-3)(5) = 13


So



Question 7.

Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = 10, A12 = 0, A13 = 0, A21 = -10, A22 = 5, A23 = 0, A31 = 2, A32 = -4, A33 = 2.


∴ Adj A =



And |A| = 10.




Question 8.

Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = -3, A12 = 3, A13 = -9, A21 = 0, A22 = -1, A23 = -2, A31 = 0, A32 = 0, A33 = 3.


∴ Adj A =



And |A| = -3.


.



Question 9.

Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = -1, A12 = -4, A13 = 1, A21 = 5, A22 = 23, A23 = -11, A31 = 3, A32 = 12, A33 = -6.


∴ Adj A =


= .


And |A| = -3.


.



Question 10.

Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = 2, A12 = -9, A13 = -6, A21 = 0, A22 = -2, A23 = -1, A31 = -1, A32 = 3, A33 = 2.


∴ Adj A =


=


And |A| = -1.




Question 11.

Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)



Answer:

Adjoint of the matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij]n×n where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij.

Let’s find the cofactors for all the positions first-


Here, A11 = -1, A12 = 0, A13 = 0, A21 = 0, A22 = -cosα, A23 = -sinα, A31 = 0, A32 = -sinα, A33 = cosα.


∴ Adj A =



And |A| = 1.


.



Question 12.

Let . Verify that (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.


Answer:

We have AB = = (61)(67)-(47)(87) = -2

Here determinant of matrix = |AB|≠ 0 hence (AB)-1 exists.





Also |A| = 1 ≠ 0 and |B| = -2 ≠ 0.


∴ A-1 and B-1 will also exist and are given by-



And hence,



{Hence proved}



Question 13.

If , show that A2 – 5A + 7I = O. Hence find A–1.


Answer:

We have A2 = A.A = .

So A2 – 5A + 7I =


Hence A2 – 5A + 7I = 0


∴ A.A – 5A = -7I


Now post multiply with A-1


So A.A.A-1-5A.A-1 = -7I.A-1


→ A.I – 5I = -7I.A-1 {since A.A-1 = I}


A – 5I = -7A-1 {since X.I = X}




Question 14.

For the matrix , find the numbers a and b such that A2 + aA + bI = O.


Answer:

We have A2 = A.A =

Since A2 + aA + bI =


So A2 + aA + bI =


Hence 10+3a+b = 0 …(i)


5+a = 0 …(ii)


5+2a+b = 0 …(iii)


From (ii) a = -5


Putting a in (iii) we get b = 5


So a = -5 and b = 5 satisfy the equation.



Question 15.

For the matrix

Show that A3– 6A2 + 5A + 11 I = O. Hence, find A–1.


Answer:

Here A2 = A.A =


And hence A3 = A. A2 =



∴ A3– 6A2 + 5A + 11 I =




Thus, A3– 6A2 + 5A + 11 I = 0


Now, A3– 6A2 + 5A + 11 I = 0,


→ (A.A.A)- 6 (A.A) +5A = -11I


Post-multiply with A-1 on both sides-


→ (A.A.A.A-1)- 6 (A.A.A-1) +5A.A-1 = -11I. A-1


→ (A.A.I) – 6(A.I) + 5I = -11I. A-1 {since A.A-1 = I}


→ (A.A) – 6A +5I = -11A-1 {since X.I = X}





Hence



Question 16.

If Verify that A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I = O and hence find A-1.


Answer:

Here A2 = A.A =

And hence A3 = A. A2 =


∴ A3– 6A2 + 9A -4I




Thus, A3– 6A2 + 9A -4I = 0


Now, A3– 6A2 + 9A -4I = 0,


→ (A.A.A)- 6 (A.A) +9A = 4I


Post-multiply with A-1 on both sides-


→ (A.A.A.A-1)- 6 (A.A.A-1) +9A.A-1 = 4I. A-1


→ (A.A.I) – 6(A.I) + 9I = 4I. A-1 {since A.A-1 = I}


→ (A.A) – 6A +9I = 4A-1 {since X.I = X}





Hence



Question 17.

Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 × 3. Then |adj A| is equal to
A. |A |

B. | A|2

C. | A|3

D. 3|A|


Answer:

For a square matrix of order n×n,

We know that |AdjA| = |A|n-1


So, |AdjA| = |A|(3-1) = |A|2


Question 18.

If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det (A–1) is equal to
A. det (A)

B.

C. 1

D. 0


Answer:



{since adj(A) is of order n and |Adj(A)| = |A|n-1}


Alternative-


We know that AA-1 = I


So |A||A-1| = |I| = 1




Exercise 4.6
Question 1.

Examine the consistency of the system of equations.

x + 2y = 2

2x + 3y = 3


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

x + 2y = 2


2x + 3y = 3


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 3(1)-2(2) = -1 ≠ 0.


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


So, The system of equations will be consistent.



Question 2.

Examine the consistency of the system of equations.

2x – y = 5

x + y = 4


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

2x - y = 5


x + y = 4


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 2(1)-1(-1) = 3 ≠ 0.


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


So, The system of equations will be consistent.



Question 3.

Examine the consistency of the system of equations.

x + 3y = 5

2x + 6y = 8


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

x + 3y = 5


2x + 6y = 8


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 1(6)-3(2) = 0


∴ A is a singular matrix and hence A-1 doesn’t exist.


So, The system of equations will be inconsistent.



Question 4.

Examine the consistency of the system of equations.

x + y + z = 1

2x + 3y + 2z = 2

ax + ay + 2az = 4


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

x + y + z = 1


2x + 3y + 2z = 2


ax + ay + 2az = 4


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 1(6a-2a)-1(4a-2a) +1(2a-3a) = a ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


So the system of equations will be consistent.



Question 5.

Examine the consistency of the system of equations.

3x–y – 2z = 2

2y – z = –1

3x – 5y = 3


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

3x - y - 2z = 2


0x + 2y - z = -1


3x - 5y +0z = 3


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 3(-5) + 3(5) = 0


∴ A is a singular matrix and hence A-1 doesn’t exist.


So the system of equations will be inconsistent.



Question 6.

Examine the consistency of the system of equations.

5x – y + 4z = 5

2x + 3y + 5z = 2

5x – 2y + 6z = –1


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

5x - y + 4z = 5


2x + 3y + 5z = 2


5x - 2y + 6z = -1


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 5(18+10) + 1(12-25) + 4(-4-15) = 51 ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


So, The system of equations will be consistent.



Question 7.

Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

5x + 2y = 4

7x + 3y = 5


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

5x + 2y = 4


7x + 3y = 5


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 3(5)-2(7) = 1 ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


Now



So


And


So


Hence x = 2 and y = -3.



Question 8.

Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

2x – y = –2

3x + 4y = 3


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

2x - y = -2


3x + 4y = 3


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 2(4)-3(-1) = 11 ≠ 0.


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


Now



So


And


So


Hence



Question 9.

Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

4x – 3y = 3

3x – 5y = 7


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

4x - 3y = 3


3x - 5y = 7


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 4(-5)-3(-3) = -11 ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


Now


AdjA =


So


And


So


Hence



Question 10.

Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

5x + 2y = 3

3x + 2y = 5


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

5x + 2y = 3


3x + 2y = 5


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 5(2)-2(3) = 4 ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


Now


AdjA =


So


And


So


Hence x = -1 and y = 4



Question 11.

Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.



Answer:

The given system of equations is:

2x + y + z = 1



0x + 3y - 5z = 9


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 2(10+3)-1(-5) +1(3) = 34 ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


Now A11 = 13, A12 = 5, A13 = 3, A21 = 8, A22 = -10, A23 = -6, A31 = 1, A32 = 3, A33 = -5


So AdjA =



And hence X = A-1B


So


Hence



Question 12.

Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

x – y + z = 4

2x + y – 3z = 0

x + y + z = 2


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

x - y + z = 4


2x + y -3z = 0


x + y + z = 2


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 1(1+3) + 1(5) + 1(1) = 10 ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


Now A11 = 4, A12 = -5, A13 = 1, A21 = 2, A22 = 0, A23 = -2, A31 = 1, A32 = -2, A33 = 3


So AdjA =



And hence X = A-1B


So


Hence x = 2, y = -1 and z = 1.



Question 13.

Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

2x + 3y +3 z = 5

x – 2y + z = –4

3x – y – 2z = 3


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

2x + 3y + 3z = 5


x – 2y + z = -4


3x - y - 2z = 3


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 2(4+1)-3(-5) +3(5) = 40 ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


Now A11 = 5, A12 = 5, A13 = 5, A21 = 3, A22 = -13, A23 = 11, A31 = 9, A32 = 1, A33 = -7


So AdjA =



And hence X = A-1B


So


Hence x = 1, y = 2 and z = -1



Question 14.

Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

x – y + 2z = 7

3x + 4y – 5z = –5

2x – y + 3z = 12


Answer:

The given system of equations is:

x - y + 2z = 7


3x + 4y - 5z = -5


2x – y + 3z = 12


The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Now |A| = 1(12-5) + 1(9+10) + 2(-3-8) = 4 ≠ 0


∴ A is a non-singular matrix and hence A-1 exists.


Now A11 = 7, A12 = -19, A13 = -11, A21 = 1, A22 = -1, A23 = -1, A31 = -3, A32 = 11, A33 = 7


So AdjA =



So


Hence



Question 15.

If , find A–1. Using A–1 solve the system of equations

2x – 3y + 5z = 11

3x + 2y – 4z = – 5

x + y – 2z = – 3


Answer:



∴ |A| = 2(-4+4) + 3(-6+4) + 5(3-2)


= -1 ≠ 0


So inverse of A exists,


Now A11 = 0, A12 = 2, A13 = 1, A21 = -1, A22 = -9, A23 = -5, A31 = 2, A32 = 23, A33 = 13


So AdjA =



So .


Hence x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3


Question 16.

The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is Rs. 60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat and 6 kg rice is Rs. 90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is Rs. 70. Find cost of each item per kg by matrix method.


Answer:

Let the cost of onions, wheat and rice per kg be Rs. x, Rs. y and Rs. z respectively.

Then according to the giving situation, it can be represented by a system of equations as-


4x + 3y + 2z = 60


2x + 4y + 6z = 90


6x + 2y + 3z = 70


The system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where



Here |A| = 4(12-12)-3(6-36) + 2(4-24) = 50 ≠ 0


Hence A-1 will exist.


Now, A11 = 0, A12 = 30, A13 = -20, A21 = -5, A22 = 0, A23 = 10, A31 = 10, A32 = -20, A33 = 10





Hence x = 5, y = 8 & z = 8.


Hence, the cost of onions is Rs. 5 per kg, the cost of wheat is Rs. 8 per kg, and the cost of rice is Rs. 8 per kg




Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1.

Prove that the determinant is independent of θ.


Answer:

Let Δ =

Expanding the above determinant along R1 i.e. Row 1


Δ = x (-x2 – 1) – sinθ (-x × sinθ – cosθ × 1) + cosθ (-sinθ × 1 + x cosθ)


Δ = -x3 – x + xsin2θ + sinθ × cos θ – sinθ × cosθ + x cos2θ


Δ = -x3 – x + x (sin2θ + cos2θ)


Since, sin2θ + cos2θ = 1


∴ Δ = -x3 – x + x


Hence Δ is independent of θ.



Question 2.

Without expanding the determinant, prove that


Answer:


Multiplying row 1 with a, row 2 with b and row 3 with c


[R1→ aR1, R2→ bR2, R3→ cR3]



[Taking common abc from C3]



[Applying C1↔ C3]


= [Applying C2 ↔ C3]


= RHS


Since, LHS = RHS


∴ the given result is proved.



Question 3.

Evaluate


Answer:

Let Δ =

Expanding along C3 we get


Δ = -sinα (-sinβ × sinα sinβ – cosβ × sinα cosβ) – 0 (sinα cosβ × cosα sinβ – cosα cosβ × sinα sinβ) + cosα (cosα cosβ × cosβ – cosα sinβ × (-sinβ))


Δ = -sinα (-sinα sin2β – sinα cos2β) – 0 + cosα (cosα cos2β + cosα sin2β)


Δ = sinα × sinα (sin2β + cos2β) + cosα × cosα (cos2β + sin2β)


[Taking –sinα and cosα common]


Since, sin2β + cos2β = 1


∴ Δ = sin2α + cos2α


Δ = 1 [sin2α + cos2α = 1]



Question 4.

If a, b and c are real numbers, and



Show that either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c.


Answer:

Given, Δ =

Applying Elementary transformations, we get


R1→ R1 + R2 + R3 we have,



Δ = 2 (a + b + c)


Now applying C2→ C2 – C1 and C3→ C3 – C1


Δ = 2 (a + b + c)


Expanding along R1


Δ = 2 (a + b + c) [1 {(b – c)(c – b) – (b – a)(c – a)} – 0 + 0]


Δ = 2 (a + b + c) [- b2 – c2 + 2bc – bc + ba + ac – a2]


Δ = 2 (a + b + c) [ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2]


Given that Δ = 0


∴ 2 (a + b + c) [ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2] = 0


⇒ Either a + b + c = 0, or ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2 = 0


Now


ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2 = 0


Multiplying both sides by -2


⇒ - 2ab – 2bc – 2ca + 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 = 0


⇒ a2 – 2ab + b2 + b2 – 2bc + c2 + c2 – 2ca + a2 = 0


⇒ (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = 0


Since, (a – b)2, (b – c)2, (c – a)2 are non-negative


∴ (a – b)2 = (b – c)2 = (c – a)2


⇒ (a – b) = (b – c) = (c – a)


⇒ a = b = c


Hence, if ∆ = 0, then either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c



Question 5.

Solve the equation


Answer:

Given,

Applying elementary transformations we get,


R1→ R1 + R2 + R3



⇒ (3x + a) = 0


C2→ C2 – C1 and C3→ C3 – C1, we get


(3x + a) = 0


Expanding along R1 we have


(3x + a) [1 (a × a – 0 × 0) – 0 (x × a – 0 × a) + 0 (x × 0 – a × x)] = 0


⇒ (3x + a) [1 × a2] = 0


⇒ a2 (3x + a) = 0


Since, a ≠ 0


∴ 3x + a = 0


⇒ x = -a/3



Question 6.

Prove that


Answer:

Given,

LHS =


RHS = 4a2b2c2


LHS = Δ =


Taking out common factors a, b and c from C1, C2 and C3, we have


Δ = abc


Applying Elementary Transformations


R2→ R2 – R1 and R3→ R3 – R1


Δ = abc


R2→ R2 + R1


Δ = abc


R3→ R3 + R2


Δ = abc


Δ = 2ab2c


C2→ C2 – C1


Δ = 2ab2c


Expanding along R3 we get,


Δ = 2ab2c [a (c – a) + a (a + c)]


= 2ab2c [ac – a2 + a2 + ac]


= 2ab2c (2ac)


= 4a2b2c2


Δ = RHS


∴ LHS = RHS


Hence, Proved



Question 7.

If , find (AB)-1


Answer:


B =


We need to find B-1


To find the inverse of a matrix we need to find the Adjoint of that matrix


For finding the adjoint of the matrix we need to find its cofactors


Let Bij denote the cofactors of Matrix B


Minor of an element bij = Mij �


b11 = 1, Minor of element b11 = M11 = = (3 × 1) – ((-2) × 0) = 3


b12 = 2, Minor of element b12 = M12 = = ((-1) × 1) – (0 × 0) = -1


b13 = -2, Minor of element b13 = M13 = = ((-1) × (-2)) – (3 × 0) = 2


b21 = -1, Minor of element b21 = M21 = = (2 × 1) – ((-2) × (-2)) = -2


b22 = 3, Minor of element b22 = M22 = = (1 × 1) – ((-2) × 0) = 1


b23 = 0, Minor of element b23 = M23 = = (1 × (-2)) – (2 × 0) = -2


b31 = 0, Minor of element b31 = M31 = = (2 × 0) – ((-2) × 3) = 6


b32 = -2, Minor of element b32 = M32 = = (1 × 0) – ((-2) × (-1)) = -2


b33 = 1, Minor of element b33 = M33 = = (1 × 3) – (2 × (-1)) = 5


Cofactor of an element bij, Bij = (-1)i+j × Mij


B11 = (-1)1+1× M11 = 1 × 3 = 3


B12 = (-1)1+2× M12 = (-1) × (-1) = 1


B13 = (-1)1+3× M13 = 1 × 2 = 2


B21 = (-1)2+1× M21 = (-1) × (-2) = 2


B22 = (-1)2+2 × M22 = 1 × 1 = 1


B23 = (-1)2+3 × M23 = (-1) × (-2) = 2


B31 = (-1)3+1 × M31 = 1 × 6 = 6


B32 = (-1)3+2 × M32 = (-1) × (-2) = 2


B33 = (-1)3+3 × M33 = 1 × 5 = 5


Adj B = =


|B| = 1 (3 × 1 – (-2) × 0) – 2 ((-1) × 1 – 0 × 0) + (-2) ((-1) × (-2) – 3 × 0)


|B| = 3 – 2 ( -1 – 0) – 2 (2 – 0)


|B| = 3 + 2 – 4 = 1


∴ B-1 = (Adj B)/|B| = /1 =


We know (AB)-1 = B-1A-1


(AB)-1 = ×


Solving the above matrix we get


(AB)-1 =



Question 8.

Let . Verify that

[adj A]-1 = adj (A-1)


Answer:

A =

|A| = 1 (3 × 5 – 1 × 1) – (-2) ((-2) × 5 – 1 × 1) + 1 ((-2) × 1 – 3 × 1)


|A| = (15 – 1) + 2 (-10 – 1) + (-2 – 3)


|A| = 14 – 22 – 5 = -13


To find the inverse of a matrix we need to find the Adjoint of that matrix


For finding the adjoint of the matrix we need to find its cofactors


Let Aij denote the cofactors of Matrix A


Minor of an element aij = Mij �


a11 = 1, Minor of element a11 = M11 = = (3 × 5) – (1 × 1) = 14


a12 = -2, Minor of element a12 = M12 = = (-2 × 5) – (1 × 1) = -11


a13 = 1, Minor of element a13 = M13 = = (-2 × 1) – (3 × 1) = -5


a21 = -2, Minor of element a21 = M21 = = ((-2) × 5) – (1 × 1) = -11


a22 = 3, Minor of element a22 = M22 = = (1 × 5) – (1 × 1) = 4


a23 = 1, Minor of element a23 = M23 = = (1 × 1) – ((-2) × 1) = 3


a31 = 1, Minor of element a31 = M31 = = (-2 × 1) – (3 × 1) = -5


a32 = 1, Minor of element a32 = M32 = = (1 × 1) – (1 × (-2)) = 3


a33 = 5, Minor of element a33 = M33 = = (1 × 3) – ((-2) × (-2)) = -1


Cofactor of an element aij = Aij


A11 = (-1)1+1× 14 = 1 × 14 = 14


A12 = (-1)1+2× (-11) = (-1) × (-11) = 11


A13 = (-1)1+3× (-5) = 1 × (-5) = -5


A21 = (-1)2+1× (-11) = (-1) × (-11) = 11


A22 = (-1)2+2 × 4 = 1 × 4 = 4


A23 = (-1)2+3 × 3 = (-1) × 3 = -3


A31 = (-1)3+1 × (-5) = 1 × (-5) = -5


A32 = (-1)3+2 × 3 = (-1) × 3 = -3


A33 = (-1)3+3 × (-1) = 1 × (-1) = -1


Adj A = =


A-1 = (Adj A)/|A|


A-1 = =


(i) |Adj A| = 14(-4 – 9) – 11 (-11 – 15) – 5 (-33 + 20)


= 14 × (-13) – 11 × (-26) – 5 (-13)


= -182 + 286 + 65 = 169


Similarly Finding the Adj (Adj A) as found above


Adj (Adj A) =


[Adj A]-1 = Adj (Adj A)/|Adj A|


=


=


A-1 = =


Similarly Finding the Adj (A-1) as found above


Adj (A-1) = =


Hence, [Adj A]-1 = Adj (A-1)



Question 9.

Let . Verify that

(A-1)-1 = A


Answer:

A =

|A| = 1 (3 × 5 – 1 × 1) – (-2) ((-2) × 5 – 1 × 1) + 1 ((-2) × 1 – 3 × 1)


|A| = (15 – 1) + 2 (-10 – 1) + (-2 – 3)


|A| = 14 – 22 – 5 = -13


To find the inverse of a matrix we need to find the Adjoint of that matrix


For finding the adjoint of the matrix we need to find its cofactors


Let Aij denote the cofactors of Matrix A


Minor of an element aij = Mij �


a11 = 1, Minor of element a11 = M11 = = (3 × 5) – (1 × 1) = 14


a12 = -2, Minor of element a12 = M12 = = (-2 × 5) – (1 × 1) = -11


a13 = 1, Minor of element a13 = M13 = = (-2 × 1) – (3 × 1) = -5


a21 = -2, Minor of element a21 = M21 = = ((-2) × 5) – (1 × 1) = -11


a22 = 3, Minor of element a22 = M22 = = (1 × 5) – (1 × 1) = 4


a23 = 1, Minor of element a23 = M23 = = (1 × 1) – ((-2) × 1) = 3


a31 = 1, Minor of element a31 = M31 = = (-2 × 1) – (3 × 1) = -5


a32 = 1, Minor of element a32 = M32 = = (1 × 1) – (1 × (-2)) = 3


a33 = 5, Minor of element a33 = M33 = = (1 × 3) – ((-2) × (-2)) = -1


Cofactor of an element aij = Aij


A11 = (-1)1+1× 14 = 1 × 14 = 14


A12 = (-1)1+2× (-11) = (-1) × (-11) = 11


A13 = (-1)1+3× (-5) = 1 × (-5) = -5


A21 = (-1)2+1× (-11) = (-1) × (-11) = 11


A22 = (-1)2+2 × 4 = 1 × 4 = 4


A23 = (-1)2+3 × 3 = (-1) × 3 = -3


A31 = (-1)3+1 × (-5) = 1 × (-5) = -5


A32 = (-1)3+2 × 3 = (-1) × 3 = -3


A33 = (-1)3+3 × (-1) = 1 × (-1) = -1


Adj A = =


A-1 = (Adj A)/|A|


A-1 = =


(ii) To find (A-1)-1 we have to find out Adj(A-1)


A-1 =


|A-1| = (-1/13)3 [14 (4 × (-1) – (-3) × (-3)) – 11 (11 × (-1) – (-3) × (-5)) + (-5) (11 × (-3) – 4 × (-5))]


|A| = (-1/13)3 [14 (-4 – 9) – 11 (-11 – 15) – 5 (-33 + 20)]


|A| = (-1/13)3 [14 × (-13) – 11 × (-26) – 5 × (-13)]


|A| = (-1/13)3 × 169 = -1/13


Cofactor of an element aij = Aij


A11 = (-1)1+1× (-1/13) = 1 × (-1/13) = -1/13


A12 = (-1)1+2× (-2/13) = (-1) × (-2/13) = 2/13


A13 = (-1)1+3× (-1/13) = 1 × (-1/13) = -1/13


A21 = (-1)2+1× (-2/13) = (-1) × (-2/13) = 2/13


A22 = (-1)2+2 × (3/13) = 1 × (-3/13) = -3/13


A23 = (-1)2+3 × (1/13) = (-1) × (1/13) = -1/13


A31 = (-1)3+1 × (-1/13) = 1 × (-1/13) = -1/13


A32 = (-1)3+2 × (1/13) = (-1) × 1/13 = -1/13


A33 = (-1)3+3 × (-5/13) = 1 × (-5/13) = -5/13


Adj (A-1) = =


(A-1)-1 = Adj(A-1)/|A-1|


(A-1)-1 = = = A


∴ (A-1)-1 = A



Question 10.

Evaluate


Answer:

Let Δ =

Applying Elementary Transformations.


Applying R1→ R1 + R2 + R3, we have


Δ =


Δ = 2 (x + y)


Applying C2→ C2 – C1 and C3→ C3 – C1, we have


Δ = 2 (x + y)


Expanding along R1, we have


Δ = 2 (x + y) [1 (x × (-x) – (-y) × (x – y)) – 0 + 0]


Δ = 2 (x + y) [-x2 + y (x – y)]


Δ = 2 (x + y) [-x2 + xy – y2]


Δ = -2 (x + y) [x2 – xy + y2]


Δ = -2 (x3 + y3)



Question 11.

Evaluate


Answer:

Let Δ =

Applying Row transformations


R2→ R2 – R1; R3→ R3 – R1


Δ =


Δ =


Now, Expanding along C1


Δ = 1 (y × x – 0 × 0) – 0 (x × x – 0 × y) + 0 (x × 0 – y × y)


Δ = 1 (xy) – 0 + 0


Δ = xy



Question 12.

Prove that


Answer:

Let Δ =

Applying Row Transformations


R2→ R2 – R1


Δ =


R3→ R3 – R1


Δ =


Taking (β – α)(γ – α) from R2 and R3 respectively


Δ = (β – α) (γ – α)


Applying R3→ R3 – R2, we have


Δ = (β – α) (γ – α)


Expanding along R3, we have


Δ = (β – α) (γ – α) [0 (α2 × (-1) – (β + γ) × (β + γ) – (γ – β)((-1) × α – 1 × (β + γ) + 0 (α × (β + γ) – 1 × α2)


Δ = (β – α) (γ – α) [0 – (γ – β)( - α - β – γ) + 0]


Δ = (β – α) (γ – α) (γ – β) (α + β + γ)


Δ = (α – β) (β – γ) (γ – α) (α + β + γ)



Question 13.

Prove that where p is any scalar.


Answer:

Let Δ =

Applying Elementary Row Transformations


R2→ R2 – R1 and R3→ R3 – R1


Δ =


Taking (y – x) and (z – x) common from R2 and R3 respectively


Δ = (y – x) (z – x)


Applying R3→ R3 – R2


Δ = (y – x) (z – x)


Taking (z – y) common from R3


Δ = (y – x) (z – x) (z – y)


Expanding along R3, we have


Δ = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) [0 – 1 {x × p(y2 + x2 + xy) – 1 × (1 + px3)} + p (x + y + z) {x × (y + x) – 1 × x2}


Δ = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (-px3 – pxy2 – px2y + 1 + px3 + px2y + pxy2 + pxyz)


Δ = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (1 + pxyz)


Hence, the given result is proved.



Question 14.

Prove that


Answer:

Let Δ =

Applying Elementary Transformations


C1→ C1 + C2 + C3, we have


Δ =


Taking (a + b + c) common from C1, we get


Δ = (a + b + c)


Applying R2→ R2 – R1 and R3→ R3 – R1



Expanding along C1


Δ = (a + b + c) [1 × {(2b + a) (2c + a) – (a – b) (a – c)} – 0 + 0]


Δ = (a + b + c) [4bc + 2ab + 2ac + a2 – a2 + ac + ba – bc]


Δ = (a + b + c) (3ab + 3bc + 3ac)


Δ = 3 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)


Hence, the given result proved.



Question 15.

Prove that


Answer:

Let Δ =

Applying Elementary Row Transformations


R2→ R2 – 2R1


Δ =


R3→ R3 – 3R1


Δ =


R3→ R3 – 3R2


Δ =


Expanding Along C1, we have


Δ = 1 (1 × 1 – 0 × (2 + p)) – 0 + 0


Δ = 1 – 0


Δ = 1


Hence, the given result is proved



Question 16.

Prove that


Answer:

Let Δ =

Δ =


Δ =


Applying Elementary Column Transformations


C1→ C1 + C3


Δ =


Since, the two columns are identical


[In a determinant if two columns are identical the the value of determinant is 0]


So, the value of given determinant is 0


∴ Δ = 0


Hence, the given result is proved.



Question 17.

Solve the system of equations



Answer:

Given System of equations are


Let


∴ Given system of equation becomes


2p + 3q + 10r = 4


4p – 6q + 5r = 1


6p + 9q – 20r = 2


The given System of Equations can be written in the form of AX = B


Here A = and B = , X =


Now we need to find |A|


∴ |A| = = 2 × (120 – 45) – 3 × (- 80 – 30) + 10 × (36 + 36)


= 150 + 330 + 720


= 1200


Since, |A| ≠ 0


∴ A is non-singular. So, it’s inverse exists


Cofactor of an element aij = Aij


A11 = (-1)1+1× 75 = 1 × 75 = 75


A12 = (-1)1+2× (-110) = (-1) × (-110) = 110


A13 = (-1)1+3× 72 = 1 × (72) = 72


A21 = (-1)2+1× (-150) = (-1) × (-150) = 150


A22 = (-1)2+2 × (-100) = 1 × (-100) = -100


A23 = (-1)2+3 × 0 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A31 = (-1)3+1 × 75 = 1 × 75 = 75


A32 = (-1)3+2 × (-30) = (-1) × (-30) = 30


A33 = (-1)3+3 × (-24) = 1 × (-24) = -24


Adj A = =


A-1 = (Adj A)/|A|


A-1 =


Now,


Since, AX = B


∴ X = A-1B








∴ p = �, q = 1/3, r = 1/5


∴ x = 1/p = 2; y = 1/q = 3; z = 1/r = 5


So, x = 2; y = 3; z = 5



Question 18.

If a, b, c, are in A.P, then the determinant is
A. 0

B. 1

C. x

D. 2x


Answer:

Let Δ =

Since, a, b, c are in A.P.


∴ 2b = a + c


Δ =


Applying Elementary Row Transformations


R1→ R1 – R2 and R3→ R3 – R2


Δ =


R1→ R1 + R3, we have


Δ =


[In a determinant if all elements of a row is 0 then the value of determinant is 0.]


So, here all the elements of first row (R1) are zero.


∴ Δ = 0


Question 19.

If x, y, z are nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix is
A.

B.

C.

D.


Answer:

A =

|A| = x × (y × z) = xyz


Since, |A| ≠ 0


A-1 exists


To find the inverse of a matrix we need to find the Adjoint of that matrix


For finding the adjoint of the matrix we need to find its cofactors


Let Aij denote the cofactors of Matrix A


Minor of an element aij = Mij �


a11 = x, Minor of element a11 = M11 = = (y × z) – (0 × 0) = yz


a12 = 0, Minor of element a12 = M12 = = (0 × z) – (0 × 0) = 0


a13 = 0, Minor of element a13 = M13 = = (0 × 0) – (0 × y) = 0


a21 = 0, Minor of element a21 = M21 = = (0 × z) – (0 × 0) = 0


a22 = y, Minor of element a22 = M22 = = (x × z) – (0 × 0) = xz


a23 = 0, Minor of element a23 = M23 = = (x × 0) – (0 × 0) = 0


a31 = 0, Minor of element a31 = M31 = = (z × 0) – (0 × 0) = 0


a32 = 0, Minor of element a32 = M32 = = (x × 0) – (0 × 0) = 0


a33 = z, Minor of element a33 = M33 = = (x × y) – (0 × 0) = xy


Cofactor of an element aij, Aij = (-1)i+j × Mij


A11 = (-1)1+1× M11 = 1 × yz = yz


A12 = (-1)1+2× M12 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A13 = (-1)1+3× M13 = 1 × 0 = 0


A21 = (-1)2+1× M21 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A22 = (-1)2+2 × M22 = 1 × xz = xz


A23 = (-1)2+3 × M23 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A31 = (-1)3+1 × M31 = 1 × 0 = 0


A32 = (-1)3+2 × M32 = (-1) × 0 = 0


A33 = (-1)3+3 × M33 = 1 × xy = xy


Adj A = =


A-1 = adj A / |A|


A-1 = /xyz


A-1 =


A-1 = =


The correct answer is A


Question 20.

Let , where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. Then
A. Det (A) = 0

B. Det (A) є (2, ∞)

C. Det (A) є (2, 4)

D. Det (A) є [2, 4]


Answer:

A =

|A| = 1 (1 × 1 – sin θ × (-sin θ)) – sin θ ((-sin θ) × 1 – (-1) × sin θ) + 1 ((-sin θ) × (-sin θ) – (-1) × 1)


|A| = 1 + sin2θ + sin2θ – sin2θ + sin2θ + 1


|A| = 2 + 2sin2θ


|A| = 2(1 + sin2θ)


Now, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π


⇒ sin 0 ≤ sin θ ≤ sin 2π


⇒ 0 ≤ sin2θ ≤ 1


⇒ 1 + 0 ≤ 1 + sin2θ ≤ 1 + 1


⇒ 2 ≤ 2(1 + sin2θ) ≤ 4


∴ Det (A) є [2, 4]